Computer Networking Basics

Basics of Networking (Easy Explanation)
1. What is a Network?

A network connects computers or devices to share data, files, or the internet.
• LAN (Local Area Network): Covers a small area like a home or office.
• WAN (Wide Area Network): Connects over large areas (like the Internet).
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Covers a city or large campus.

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2. Switches – The Connectors

A switch connects many devices inside one network.
It helps devices communicate with each other smoothly.
• Unmanaged: Plug and play, no setup needed.
• Managed: More control and settings.
• Smart: Mid-level management features.
• Layer 3: Can also route data between networks.

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3. VLAN (Virtual LAN)

VLAN divides one physical network into smaller logical groups.
It increases security and reduces unnecessary traffic.
• Default VLAN: The original built-in network.
• Data VLAN: Created for user or departmental data.

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4. Routers – The Navigators

A router connects different networks together (like home network to the Internet).
It decides the best path for data to travel.
• Static Routing: Manually configured by admin.
• Dynamic Routing: Automatically updates using routing protocols.

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5. Trunking

Trunking allows multiple VLANs to use one cable between switches.
• 802.1Q (Dot1Q): Standard trunking method.
• ISL (Inter-Switch Link): Cisco’s older method.

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6. ACL (Access Control List)

ACL acts like a security filter in a network.
It controls which traffic can enter or leave.
• Standard: Filters by IP address only.
• Extended: Filters by IP, port, and protocol.
• Named: Uses easy-to-read ACL names.

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In Short Summary: 
• Network → Connects devices
• Switch → Connects within LAN
• VLAN → Divides network logically
• Router → Connects different networks
• Trunk → Carries multiple VLANs
• ACL → Controls access & security

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